8.1.2023
THE TRIBAL POLICE FORCE IN SOUTH SUDAN
SUMMARY
This study examines the appointments, promotions, postings, and deployments of the
Inspector General of Police (IGP) within the South Sudan Police Service (SSPS) from 2005
to the present. It appears that most of the time, these decisions are made based more
on relationships to President Kiir, First Vice President Machar, or IGPs than on job merit,
credentials, experiences, or accomplishments. This does not seem to represent the
national character of the nation. The course of events has demonstrated that SSPS
devalues professional seniority and disparages senior officers and non-commission staff
who have several years of training and work experience in the former Sudan. The
majority of competent and experienced police officers are denied promotions,
demoted, or forced into retirement and placed in the non-active list.
In addition, the SSPS has earned the reputation of being a «tribal police force» and is
devoid of professionalism and expertise in policing, which is predicated on a dedication
to providing safety, protection, and crime prevention. The SSPS lacks the capacity to
safeguard people’s assets and lands and to ensure public safety in a manner that is
sustainable, legal, and efficient.
Furthermore, this essay contends that since modern democracy is about promoting
democratic advancement, fundamental freedoms, and effective governance, police
should not have the job of stifling democratic ideals. The next 2024 planned general
elections will demonstrate Kiir’s tribal police policies and actions, as organized forces
will play a key role and be used to conceal any voting violations. Election officials,
citizens, political parties, and civil rights advocates will all be coerced into allowing
election tampering and establishing Kiir as president for life.
Finally, the information gathered demonstrates that, ever since the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement (CPA) era, members of the Dinka ethnic group have led and
dominated the positions of IGP and Director General of Police in the following states:
Central Equatoria State (CES), Eastern Equatoria State (EES), Western Equatoria State
(WES), Northern Bahar Al-Ghazal (NBG) State, and Western Bahar Al-Ghazal (WBG).
Members of the Nuer ethnic group have been deputized in these roles. Limiting Kiir’s
unrestricted executive powers and ending tribal police under the federal Constitution—
which states that police are subject to state jurisdiction—are the best course of action
and the best course of action for the nation.
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ABBREVIATIONS
AG Attorney General
CES Central Equatoria State
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
DDP Dinka Development Plan
EES Eastern Equatoria State
EHN Equatoria house niggers
IGP Inspector General of Police
MP Member of Parliament
NIF National Islamic Front
NBG Northern Bhar Al-Ghazal
NSS National Security Service
PSC Police service council
SSACGP Southern Sudanese Assistant Commissioner General of Police
SSLM Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
SNPS Sudan National Police Service
SSNPS South Sudan National Police Service
SSPSA Southern Sudan Police Service Act
SPF Sudanese Police forces
SPLA/M Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement
SPLA/IO Sudan People’s Liberation Army/in Opposition
SSPS Southern Sudan Police Services
UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan
WBG Western Bhar Al-Ghazal
WES Western Equatoria State
HISTORY
THE 2009 SOUTHERN SUDAN POLICE SERVICE ACT
2009 saw the enactment of the Southern Sudan Police Service Act (SSPSA). The previous
Sudan National Police Act is copied verbatim from Arabic and hasn’t been changed since
the country’s independence. Its goals are to safeguard residents and their property,
prevent, investigate, and combat crime; furthermore, it aims to respect and execute
the 2005 Southern Sudan Interim Constitution (SSPS Act, 2005).
Since the South Sudan Police Service (SSPS) was established, its principal duties have
been to protect public safety, uphold the rule of law, and, with some degree of integrity
and compliance with both domestic and international regulations, Although police
responsibilities seem lofty in theory, they are conspicuously absent from the nation’s
police force’s daily operations (ibid.).
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OVERVIEW
The SSPSA is the source of the malfunctioning SSPS. The Act was drafted by lawmakers
with little experience or familiarity with 21st-century law enforcement. There are many
uncertainties and terminology gaps throughout the Act. For example, the Act talked
about the police service council (PSC) and the state police, but in actuality, neither
organization exists at the state level across the entire country. The PSC’s mission and
scope of work, the hiring procedure, state quotas, and recruitment procedures are all
left vague in the Act. The function of recruitment centers at the national and state
levels is not discussed. The Act specified the minimal educational need but left out
details about higher qualifications, such as the hiring requirements for MA and Ph.D.
holders. Although basic training is one of the prerequisites for aspiring officers before
certification, education is essential for progress and promotion.
Furthermore, seniority is listed as a criterion in the Act, but in practice, highly
competent and senior officers were not assigned, promoted, or even deployed. For
example, former IGP Gen. Majak Akech and his successor, Atem Moraul, were junior
officers and captains under senior officers who were not Dinka/Nuer, but they were
promoted at a rapid rate in a way that rendered them superior to their subordinates
and, to some extent, to their former superiors. Additionally, non-Dinka/Nuer SPLA
senior officers who have completed years of training, experience, and education in the
military, police, prison, wildlife, and customs academies in the former Sudan are
routinely denied promotions, leadership roles, assignments, and deployments that they
are due and are instead forced to retire and placed in the non active list. The
misfortune of South Sudan could be described as follows: the qualified, inexperienced,
ill-trained, and potentially illiterate are not only promoted but also given important
assignments, while those with knowledge and experience are subjected to
discrimination, unfair treatments, and institutionalized marginalization. They are
frequently given positions of power and unrestricted access, which they then exploit to
assassinate and forcibly remove a number of legitimate landowners from their ancestral
homes. Check also Administrative Corruption, Nepotism, Injustice, and Discrimination
in South Sudan for further information on the problems surrounding promotions,
assignments, and deployments.
Tribal ties and alliances with the President, First Vice President, and IGP are the
primary criteria used for SSPS promotions. Promotions, assignments, and deployments
do not represent the national character of the nation and are not determined by job
merit, credentials, experiences, or accomplishments. Professional seniority is not
valued by the SSPS, which also disparages senior officers and non-commission staff who
have several years of training and work experience in the former Sudan. For instance,
Kon John Akot, the current director of police traffic in Juba, was officer Cedet at the
Sudanese Military Academy in Khartoum and fired. He founded an opposition party in
Cairo in the early 1990s to oppose the Khartoum regime, and he later returned to Sudan
for personal reasons. The MPs recently called for the Minister of Interior and the IGP to
appear before the Parliament and respond to Akon’s illegal traffic orders & directives
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(Consult Hon. Simon Kun Puoch of November 13, 2023); John too is Kiir’s relative. At a
time when the nation is facing a shortage in the retention of well-trained and qualified
senior officers who could contribute to advancing the goals and vision of policing and
community policing, cyber and peace officers, and the professionalization of the SSPS,
the majority of highly qualified officers are either denied promotions, demoted, or
forced to retire and placed in the non-active list. Community policing is mentioned in
passing in the SSPSA, but its definition, vision, goal, and objectives are not included in
the Act.
According to COPS (2014), community policing is a philosophy that encourages
organizational strategies that support the methodical application of collaborations and
problem-solving methods to proactively address the immediate causes of public safety
issues like crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.
EXAMINING
The overarching strategy of Kiir’s organized forces (SSPDF, SSPS, NSS, Correction
Service, Customs, Wildlife, and Fire Brigade) is to undercut the backgrounds, expertise,
and qualifications of highly skilled and qualified officers, as well as graduates of the
Police Academy and holders of BA, MA, and Ph.D. degrees. Kiir’s intended organized
forces policy is to demote and retire competent, well-trained, qualified, and
experienced officers, particularly Equatoria senior Officers who are still medically and
physically fit and those who assisted in the establishment of the Southern Sudan
National Police Service (SSNPS), and to promote, assign, and deploy illiterate and
corrupt SPLA officers in positions of authority with unlimited powers. Furthermore,
Kiir’s tribal police strategy is intended to evade responsibility and to further the nation’s
tribalism, corruption, nepotism, marginalization, and prejudice.
The results of Kiir’s tribal police program will be evident in the upcoming general
elections in 2024, where voters will be intimidated and organized troops will be used
to conceal irregularities in the voting process. In order to carry out the Dinka
Development Plan (DDP), Kiir is assigning his tribe SPLA commanders to important
leadership roles within organized troops, giving them unrestricted autonomy.
Depopulation of Collo, Fertits, and Equatorians from their native areas is one of DDP’s
goals. The legitimate owners of lands in Collo, Fertits, and Equatoria are being forcibly
removed, and the IGP and certain SPLA generals are abusing their unrestricted power
and authority to do so (for more information on the issues surrounding illegal removal,
see Annex 1 and Michael Rial Christopher’s live video from August 6, 2023). Due to a
lack of professionalism in policing to investigate land corruption, some of the Central
Equatoria house niggers1 and Arua Boys2, who hold important positions in the CES
government, particularly the Governor and Mayor Office, the Ministry of Housing, the
Land Commission, the Court, Ministry of Injustice, Attorney General (AG) and the Local
Chiefs Office, are helping to facilitate the illegal removal of rightful owners from their
lands in Malakal, Waw, and Equatoria.
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Lacking a «new professionalism» in policing founded on a dedication to responsibility,
public legitimacy, innovation, and national coherence, the SSPS is a tribal force. The
SSPS is unable to provide individuals with public safety and lawful, sustainable methods
of protecting their homes and lands.
The following issues are blamed for the SSP force’s well-known brutality, corruption,
thefts, and other crimes, as well as its endemic sloth: The following are the reasons for
this: (1) the Constitution gives the President unrestricted authority to appoint,
promote, and assign illiterate, untrained, and inexperienced officers to positions of
authority and to lead professional organizations; (2) lawmakers rubberstamp laws
without understanding the Police Act, policing, community policing, Cyber and Peace
Officers and their functions, IGP and Police Commissioner Terms of References; (3)
appointments, promotions, and recruitments of IGPs are made based on tribal lines
rather than qualifications, experience, and job merit; (4) the SSPSA doesn’t specify the
qualifications and job merits for IGPs and Assistant IGPs appointments and (5) Since the
CPA era and the nation’s post-independence period, Dinka people have led and
dominated the role of IGP, Director General of Police, in the CES, EES, WES, WBG, and
NBG States, with Nuer ethnic people serving as deputies.
The SSPS has fallen short in several areas, including citizen security, public order
maintenance, law enforcement, impartiality and honesty, noncompliance with the law,
and a lack of professionalism in policing grounded in public accountability, legitimacy
with the public, innovation, and national coherence.
FINAL REMARKS
These days, modern policing is about being accountable to the people, being legitimate,
being innovative, and fostering national cohesion. Since modern democracy is about
excellent governance, the role of police in a democracy is not to stifle democratic
traditions; rather, professionalism in law enforcement advances democratic
advancement.
The SSPS’s current mission is to defend the interests of Kiir and his tribesmen, who
control the country. It is not held accountable to the public for crimes committed, nor
does it offer an apology for policy or action misbehavior. Under the Kiir regime, the
SPLM political party controls and manipulates policing, and SSPS has close ties to SPLM
political party. Regarding accountability, legitimacy, and national cohesion, the SSP
has no notion whatsoever. The SSP is a tribal organization rather than a national one.
Limiting Kiir’s unrestricted executive powers and ending tribal police under the federal
Constitution—which places police under state and county jurisdictions—are the best
course of action and the best course of action for the nation (for more information on
federal, state, and county police, see Annex 2).
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PROFILES OF POLICE INSPECTOR GENERALS AND DEPUTIES
1. General Makuei Deng is a member of the Dinka Bor ethnic group from Jonglei State. He
belonged to the Anya Nya 1, formally known the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
(SSLM), and later joined the Sudan Police Forces (SPF). He completes his law
enforcement studies at the Sudanese Police Academy in Khartoum. Under the
leadership of Abel Alier as President of the High Executive Council and Ruben Mac as
Police Inspector General, Makuei gained notoriety for engaging in the systematic
mistreatment of Equatoria civilians in Juba. Abel’s time in the office was mostly marked
by negative political practices, including nepotism, tribalism, and a sense of
entitlement. Additionally, there were instances of cruelty towards the indigenous
communities of Equatoria, which, among other causes, contributed to the occurrence
of Kokora4. The implementation of the Kokora strategy is considered to be one of the
factors that impacted the formation of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement
(SPLA/M). Makuei defected from the Sudanese Police forces (SPF) and joined the
SPLA/M in 1983, at the rank of Colonel. He assumed the position of the first Inspector
General (IGP) of the Southern Sudan Police Services (SSPS) in 2005 and served until
2010.
2. General David Aguer was appointed as the deputy to Deng by Kiir. General Aguer is a
member of the Anyuak ethnic group from Pachala in Jonglei State. Gen. Ageur
completed his law enforcement education at the Police Academy in Sudan as part of
cohort 35. General Aguer held the position of the inaugural Assistant Commissioner
General of Police (SSACGP) in Juba, representing the southern region of Sudan. During
the Post Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, he, along with other high-
ranking Southern Sudanese officers, was assigned to Juba with the objective of
establishing the Southern Sudan Police Service (SSPS). Moreover, David was responsible
for overseeing the SSPS recruitment service. General Aguer held many positions at both
the state and national levels. He formerly held the position of First Assistant
Commissioner General of Police in Sudan and has also served as a Minister. During the
era of decentralization in 1983, he was two terms province Commissioner in Upper Nile
region. Currently, he is a Member of Parliament (MP) in Juba and served as Chair for
Defence and Security Committee. General Aguer is the sole individual of non-
Dinka/Nuer ethnicity to have held a prominent position within the South Sudanese
People’s Security Services.
3. Gen. Achuil Tito Manawoly is a member of the Dinka ethnic group from the Kwac village
in Warrap state. Achuil was a member of the 42nd cohort of the Sudanese Police
Academy in Khartoum. In 1983, he became a member of SPLA/M. He held the position
of Second IGP, serving from 2010 to 2013. Achuil’s tenure was marked by a significant
prevalence of corruption, nepotism, tribalism, and the unjustified elevation of
unqualified individuals selected from the Achuil Boys Club5 roster. The non active list
was late Achuils’ innovation and it is unconstitutional, unlawful and nowhere to be seen
in the SSP Act and Regulations of 2009 or police policy.
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4. Gen. Gordon Kur Micha deputized Late Achuil. General Micha is a member of the Dinka
Bor ethnic group, which is located in Jonglei State. Gordon completed his law
enforcement studies at the Sudanese Police Academy in Khartoum as part of cohort 42,
rather than being affiliated with the SPLA. In 1989, he was expelled for reasons related
to the public welfare by the Khartoum regime of National Islamic Front (NIF). During
the early 1990s, he sought asylum in the Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE) and was
subsequently relocated to Ottawa, Canada. Following the Comprehensive Peace
Agreement (CPA), he repatriated to Sudan and was reinstated to the South Sudanese
Police Service (SSPS) with the rank of Brigadier General in 2007. His tenure was from
2010 until 2013.
5. Gen. Pieng Deng Kuol is a member of the Dinka Ngok ethnic group in Abeyi. Pieng is the
sibling of Dr. Francis Deng, Dr. Biong, and Deng Alor. Pieng lacks the credentials of a
Sudanese Police Academy graduate and possesses no expertise in the field of police. He
enrolled as an engineering student at Khartoum University in Sudan, but did not finish
and became a member of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) at the beginning
of 1983. Pieng held many positions, including the role of deputy Chief of General Staff
for finance and administration in the South Sudan People’s Army (SPLA). Pieng held the
position of the Third Inspector General of Police (IGP) from 2013 to 2016.
6. General Andrew Kuol Nyon was appointed as a deputy to Pieng by Kiir. General Nyon is
a member of the Dinka Bor ethnic group in Jonglei State. General Kuol obtained his law
enforcement certification from the Sudanese Police Academy in Khartoum as part of
the 47th cohort. General Kuol joined the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) right
after graduation from Police Academy with rank of 2Lt. He is presently in charge of the
small weapons division.
7. Gen. Makur Maroul is a member of the Dinka ethnic group from Cuiebeit in Lakes State.
Makur completed his law enforcement studies at the Sudanese Police Academy in
Khartoum as part of the 42nd cohort and Juba University. Makur was one of the Southern
Sudanese Officers who were relocated from the Police headquarters in Khartoum to
Juba under the direction of Gen. Aguer in order to form the Southern Sudanese Police
Service (SSPS). He is a person with privileged access and held the position for duration
of barely nine months. Makur was handpicked by Kiir and appointed as the Inspector
General of Police (IGP) from a group of Dinka officers in the SSPS. He held the position
of the Fourth and served a term of nine months in office.
8. Gen. James Beil is member of Nuer ethnic group from Unity State and was appointed by
Kiir as a deputy to Makur. He is affiliated with the SPLA-IO group led by Taban Deng.
9. Gen. Saeed Chawul Lom is a member of the Dinka ethnic group from Rumbek in Lakes
State. He has successfully completed the Police academy studies in Sudan as part of
cohort 47. He was terminated on two occasions while serving as Captain and LCol by
the Khartoum regime. While he was in office, there was an allegation that the stolen
United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) vehicle was discovered at his residence
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in Juba. Like the last Inspector General of Police (IGP), Saeed was personally
handpicked from retirees list by Kiir and officially installed as the IGP. Saeed served as
the Fifth Inspector General of Police (IGP) for duration of nine months
10. General James Pio is member of Nuer ethnic group from Unity State was appointed by
Kiir as a deputy to Saeed. The Nuer General is affiliated with the SPLA-IO group led by
General Taban Deng.
11. Gen. Majak Akech Malok is a member of the Dinka ethnic group from Lakes State. He is
SPLA officer; however, he did not attend the Sudanese Police Academy in Khartoum
and lacks any expertise or understanding in the field of police. At first, Majak had the
rank of Captain, then Late Achuil elevated him to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In a
little span of time, he swiftly ascended by Kiir to the rank of Lieutenant General and
assumed the role of Director General of the Civil Registry Nationalities, Passports, and
Immigration Directorate. He is a member of the Achuil Corrupt Boys Club (aka Sgt Boys).
He is the sibling of Paul Mayoum Akech, who previously served as a Minister and Member
of Parliament.
12. General Jal Thomas was appointed deputy to Majak by Kiir. General Thomas is a
member of the Nuer ethnic group in Unity State. Gen. Thomas is an alumnus of the
Sudanese Police Academy in Khartoum and has obtained a Master’s degree in Peace
studies from the University of Juba. Gen. Thomas is affiliated with the SPLA/IO side led
by Dr. Riak Machar.
13. Gen. Atem Morol Biar is a member of the Dinka Bor ethnic group in Jonglei State. He is
an SPLA soldier without education, training, and expertise in law enforcement. He is a
member of the recently Achui Corrupt Boys Club (aka Sgt Boys). Late Achuil
recommended him, and Kiir advanced him from the rank of Colonel to Major General,
along with several others. Prior to this, he held the position of Director General at the
Directorate of Civil Registry, Nationality Passports, and Immigration within the Interior
Ministry.
TABLES
NO
.
RANK/ NAME STATE ETHNICITY BACKGROUND REMARKS
1. Gen. Makuei Deng Jonglei Dinka Anya Nya/ SPLA
2. Late Gen. Acuil
Tito Madut
Warrap Dinka Police Academy/ &
SPLA
3. Gen. Pieng Deng
Kuol
Abyei Dinka SPLA/ not a Police
Academy graduate
4. Gen.Makur Maroul Lakes Dinka Graduate of Police
Academy
5. Gen. Saeed
Chawul Lom
Lakes Dinka Graduate of Police
Academy
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6. Gen. Majak Akech
Malok
Lakes Dinka SPLA/ not a Police
Academy graduate
7. Gen. Atem Morol
Biar
Jonglei Dinka SPLA/ not a Police
Academy graduate
DEPUTY IGPS
NO
.
RANK/ NAME STATE ETHNICITY BACKGROUND REMARKS
1. Gen. David Aguer Jonglei Anyuak Graduate of Police
Academy
The only
non-
Dinka/Nu
er served
in the
higher
portfolio
of the
SSNPS.
2. Gen. Gordon Kur
Micha
Jonglei Dinka Police Academy/
SPLA/non SPLA
3. Gen. Andrew Kual
Nyon
Jonglei Dinka Graduate of Police
Academy & SPLA
4. Gen. James Biel Unity Nuer IO
5. Gen. James Pio Unity Nuer IO
6. Gen. Jal Thomas Unity Nuer Graduate of Police
Academy & SPLA/IO
7. Gen. Jal Thomas Unity Nuer Graduate of Police
Academy & SPLA/IO
DATA DON’T LIE
LIST OF IGPs BY STATE (2023)
State CES EES WES JS Unity UN LS WS WBG NBG ABYEI
No of IGPs 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 1
Percentage
%
0% 0% 0% 28.5% 0% 0% 42.8% 14% 0% 0% 14.2%
*Jonglei one, Lakes three, Warrap one, and Abeyi one.
LIST OF DEPUTY IGPs BY STATE (2023)
State CES EES WES JS Unity UN LS WS WBG NBG ABYEI
No of IGPs 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Percentage
%
0% 0% 0% 43% 57.1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
*One non-Dinka/Nuer, two Dinkas, and three Nuers
LIST OF IGPS BY PERCENTAGE (2023)
*Seven out of seven Dinka
LIST OF IGP & DEPUTY IGPS BY GENDER (2023)
*Zero female and seven male
LIST OF IGPs & DEPUTY IGPS BY ETHNICITIES (2023)
No. Ethnicity No of
IGP/DIG
P
Percentag
e %
No. Ethnicity No of
IGP/DIG
P
Percentag
e %
1. Acholi 0 0% 39. Makaraka 0 0%
2. Aja 0 0% 40. Mananger 0 0%
3. Anyuak
(D/IGP)
1 14.2% 41. Mangayat 0 0%
4. Atuot
(Reel)
0 0% 42. Muru 0 0%
5. Avukaya 0 0% 43. Moro Kodo 0 0%
6. Azande 0 0% 44. Mundari 0 0%
7. Bai 0 0% 45. Mundu 0 0%
8. Baka 0 0% 46. Murle 0 0%
9. Balanda-
Boor
0 0% 47 Ndogo 0 0%
10. Balanda-
Viri
0 0% 48. Ngulngule 0 0%
11. Banda 0 0% 49. Nuer
(D/IGP)
4 57.1%
12. Bari 0 0% 50. Nyangato
m
0 0%
13. Binga 0 0% 51. Yangwara 0 0%
14. Bongo 0 0% 52. Otuho 0 0%
Item Female Male Remarks
No. 0 7 N/A
Percentage
%
0% 100% N/A
Item Female Male Remarks
No. 0 7 N/A
Percentage
%
0% 100% N/A
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15. Boya
(Larim is
their
village)
0 0% 53. Pari 0 0%
16. Didinga 0 0% 54. Pojulu 0 0%
17. Dinka
Dinka
7 IGP
2 D/IGP
100%
28.5%
55. Sere 0 0%
18. Dongaton
a
0 0% 56. Shaaya 0 0%
19. Falata
(Arab
Nomads)
0 0% 57. Shilluk
(Chollo)
0 0%
20. Feroghe 0 0% 58. Suri
(Kachipo)
0 0%
21. Collo 0 0% 59. Tid 0 0%
22. Horiok/
Horyok
0 0% 60. Toposa 0 0%
23. Indri 0 0% 61.
.
Uduk 0 0%
24. Jiye (Jie) 0 0% 62. Woro 0 0%
25. Jur (Bell
& Modo)
0 0% 63. Yulu 0 0%
26. Jurchol 0 0% 64. 0 0%
27.
.
Kakwa 0 0%
28. Kara 0 0%
29. Keliku 0 0% .
30. Kresh 0 0%
32. Kuku 0 0%
33. Lango 0 0%
34. Lopit 0 0%
35. Lugbwara 0 0%
36. Lolubo 0 0%
37. Maban 0 0%
38. Ma’adi 0 0%
THE LIST IS INCOMPLETE 2023
*One Anyuak, two Dinkas, and four Nuers
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Endnotes:
1. Equatoria house niggers (EHN) refer to some public officials in the Central Equatoria,
Eastern Equatoria, and Western Equatoria administrations who are recognized for their
involvement in the illicit sale of government residences, lands, assets, and natural
resources to individuals or groups that pose a threat to the interests of South Sudan.
They occupy influential positions inside the CE government, Ministry of Housing, Land
Commission, Equatoria Members of Parliament at the national and state levels, as well
as within the Court and local Chiefs offices.
2. Arua boys is a collective of exiles from CES, with some of them having never seen
Juba before 2005. During the conflict, they were refugees’ individuals seeking safety in
Uganda. They were known as the Arua Boys and were often spotted at Arua Park, which
served as a hub for gatherings, commerce, and occasionally, aimless wandering. At
present, some of Arua boys have hijacked and taken control of the CE government key
positions. They engage in illicit displacement of legitimate landowners in Juba, utilizing
their positions of authority to coerce and instill fear, resulting in the targeted killing of
vulnerable women in Juba. For further information, please refer to the live video by
Michael Christopher on Facebook, broadcasted on August 6, 2023.
3. The Anyanya were a faction of separatist rebels in Southern Sudan that emerged
during the initial phase of the First Sudanese Civil War. Another distinct movement that
emerged during the Second Sudanese Civil War was SPLA/M.
4. Kokora is synonymous with the act of dividing. Kokora is a term used in the Karo
language. The Karo-speaking ethnic group is located in the Central Equatoria region.
The ethnic groups include Bari, Mandari, Nyangwara, Kuku, Kakwa, and Pojulu. Kokora
is a term that denotes the act of dividing or the concept of division. For example, if
you possess a single loaf of bread and have two offspring, what actions would you take
to ensure fairness? Divide it evenly by giving one to each youngster, breaking it in the
middle. Socially, equity refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, while
in governance; it denotes the allocation of power among different levels of
governments.
5. The Achuil Boys Club, often known as the Sgt boys, is a collective of young officers
who are affiliated with the late General Achuil.
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REFERENCES
1. Administrative Corruption, Nepotism, Injustice and Discrimination in South
Sudan: Retrieved from
https://africanissuesinfocus.blogspot.com/2017/12/opted-title-administrative-
corruption.html, on Nov 13th, 2023
2. Presidential Decrees copies
3. State Police: Retrieved from https://www.allcriminaljusticeschools.com/law-
enforcement/ on Dec 3, 2023
4. The Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009: Retrieved from
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/98165/116701/F49208315
1/SSD98165.pdf, On Nov 23, 2023
5. The COPS 2014: Retrieved from www.cops.usdoj.gov, on Nov 23th, 2023;
6. The illegal removal and land grabbing in Jabal Nogka in Juba: Retrieved from
https://fb.watch/oHAn-I5EvB/?mibextid=2Rb1fB on Aug 6,2023 and
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ANNEX
1. BREAKING NEWS
Gen. Atem Marol Biar who was appointed yesterday through Presidential decree
as Inspector General of South Sudan National Police Service has been in a land-
grabbing battle fighting the vulnerable and powerless widow who has been
occupant of the land for more than 37 years since 1986.
Yesterday at around 3 PM without following the rightful legal procedure of land
ownership, he started ramming down the building. It was raining and the children
were beaten, chased out by the hungry hired police goons. Now that he has
powers to kill and loot, the life of the poor widow shall be in absolute danger
unless she surrenders ownership of the land.
Gen. Atem Marol started claiming the land in 2018. After he was appointed the
DG of DCRNPI, he bribed the Central Equatoria Ministry of Land and Housing and
the court specifically the people who are presiding over the case. He doesn’t
have the original document of the land; sometimes he swerved the court hearing
on the pretext of a busy schedule.
Surprisingly this morning, the chief of the area Sultan Michael Loku Legge who
has been siding with the widow was arrested and taken to unknown destination.
The land being battled is in Thongping along the American residence road, down
to the Turkey embassy (sources: unknown).
2. What are The Difference between Local, State, and Federal Law
Enforcement?
Primarily, the difference between local, state, and federal law enforcement
officials is who they work for and their jurisdiction. For instance, state-level
officials work for a state agency and enforce state laws, but have no jurisdiction
in federal matters; local sheriffs or police officers work for municipalities and
enforce local and state laws within that municipality, but generally have no
jurisdiction outside of that area.
Local law enforcement agencies, such as municipal, county, tribal, and regional
police forces, derive authority from the local governing body. Their primary
objective is to uphold and enforce the laws within their jurisdiction. These
agencies play a crucial role in providing patrol services and conducting
investigations to address local crimes effectively.
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Municipal law enforcement
In towns and cities, police officers will patrol streets by car or highway, provides
traffic assistance, and respond to emergencies and calls for help, and maintain
peace and security. If a crime occurs, they may investigate, interview people,
and apprehend suspects. They also testify in court. Police detectives concentrate
on investigations, while crime scene investigators are charged with gathering and
analyzing evidence.
Some municipal police also provide protection for parks, public transportation,
and local rivers and lakes, but in larger cities, these duties are often performed
by specialized police units. Some sworn officers are employed as private police
for schools, universities, or hospitals.
County Law Enforcement
All but three states (Alaska, Hawaii, and Connecticut) have law enforcement that
work on the county level, but their jurisdictions and duties vary widely. They
may perform full police functions, including investigations, in rural areas outside
of towns and cities. Or, they may patrol county roads and assist in traffic control,
serve summons and eviction notices, transport prisoners, or provide security at
county courthouses or corrections facilities.
A handful of states have constables. They may be elected officials with limited
duties, or employed as full-duty officers.
State Law Enforcement
Specific duties of state-level law enforcement officials differ from state to state.
All states have officers that enforce traffic laws and keep roadways safe. These
are usually called troopers or highway patrol officers. However, in some states,
there is a difference between a state police officer and a highway patrolman.
For example, in California, the job of policing highways and roads falls to the
California Highway Patrol. Investigating statewide crimes is the job of the
California Bureau of Investigation. In other states, the state police department
will provide services for both highway patrol and crime investigation.
Fish and game wardens or conservation officers are also generally employed on
the state level. They monitor the safe and legal usage of public parks,
waterways, forests, and open areas. They may enforce hunting and fishing laws,
investigate crimes, and respond to emergencies.
Federal Law Enforcement
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Federal law enforcement agents serve in many capacities, from providing
security for federal buildings and elected officials to investigating federal crimes
and responding to terrorist attacks.
Cyber Officers
Cyber policing is a fast-growing field of law enforcement. It operates mainly on
the federal level, but local and state police do use digital technology to some
extent.
“Cybercrime is under reported,” says Markovic. “If somebody hacks your
computer, you don’t usually call the police.”
However, if the crime takes place on a major scale, such as data breach or
ransomware attack, cyber police get involved, Markovic says. On the local and
state levels, specialized police officers do use computer technology to detect
and investigate crimes and suspects.
Becoming a cyber specialist or forensic computer analyst requires knowledge of
technology and a college degree. Like any job in law enforcement, you will be
required to attend a police training facility and undergo a background check.
Forensic computer specialists are also employed by private firms, Markovic
states.
Peace Officer
In most cases, the term “peace officer” is used interchangeably with “police
officer,” since police consider their main objective to be keeping the peace. This
can be confusing because in a few places across the country, “peace officer”
refers to an officer who has limited duties. Some states refer to this role as
auxiliary or reserve officer. Non-sworn peace officers may be employed,
appointed, or elected.
Some assignments of designated peace officers differ greatly but may include:
• Security duties
• Traffic and crowd control
• Working in correctional facilities
• Assisting with search and rescue operations, and
• Assisting police officers with designated duties
Sources: All Criminal Justice Schools